The declaration and achievement of independence and the establishment of state and federal constitutions were pivotal events not only in American history but also “in the course of human events.” No one better assisted and …
Month: May 2025
“Auxiliary Precautions”— James Madison’s Structural Protections in the Constitution
Antifederalists throughout the country voiced a wide range of objections to the Constitution, some times even disagreeing among themselves on these criticisms. Yet they shared four core criticisms: (1) the omission of a bill of …
“Expressly”—The Most Important Word Not in the Constitution
On 7 June 1776 Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee presented a resolution to the Second Continental Congress that called for the American colonies’ independence. In response, Congress formed three committees: to draft a declaration of …
George Washington Surrenders His Commission to Congress, 23 December 1783*
The British finally evacuated New York City on 25 November 1783. General George Washington and New York Governor George Clinton rode into the city together, marking the end of nearly seven years of British occupation. …
Presidential Qualifications: The Natural-Born Citizen Requirement
When the Constitutional Convention considered the office of the President of the United States, all of the delegates naturally presumed that George Washington would be the only logical choice to fill the position. Because of …
The Antifederalists’ Victory: Implementing Their Constitution
Historians have long described the differences between Federalists and Antifederalists, often attributing the latter’s failure to their inability to offer a single viable alternative to the proposed Constitution. Yet, from a broader perspective, many …
Americans’ Spectrum of Government: Avoiding Scylla and Charybdis
Americans during the Revolutionary era were intently interested in the nature of government and how best to preserve liberty. From 1763 to 1800, public debate over these issues was intense and wide-ranging. Halfway through this …